A place to share alternatives to popular online services that can be self-hosted without giving up privacy or locking you into a service you don't control.
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We welcome posts that include suggestions for good self-hosted alternatives to popular online services, how they are better, or how they give back control of your data. Also include hints and tips for less technical readers.
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Disable password auth.
Enable key only auth.
Add in TOTP 2FA (google authenticator).
Randomize the port (reduce bots) that forwards to 22.
Configure lockout to block upon 3 failed attempts, for a long duration like 1 year. (Have a backup access on LAN).
Ensure only the highest encryption ciphers are accepted.
Ensure upgrades are applied to sshd at least monthly.
If you are going all out, may as well add hosts.deny and hosts.allow.
Easy to do with known internal networks.
Difficult to manage when roaming.
Absolutely, just sometimes people forget those tools even exist. Of course, you can easily do the same thing with firewall rules as well.
Also, that was a great tidbit about the pam email notification on successful logon. I haven't seen that one before, thank you!!
Good summaries. How does the TOTP 2FA article handle drop/reconnects? TOTP needed for each reconnect attempt?
To help with identifying issues within your SSHd configuration, I recommend using ssh-audit: https://github.com/jtesta/ssh-audit
As long as password auth is disabled you’re fine. No one is cracking your RSA key. You can add Fail2Ban to reduce the log noise, but security wise it’s fine.
Likely better behind a VPN. This was reported recently. https://thehackernews.com/2023/11/experts-uncover-passive-method-to.html?m=1
Dont connect it to the internet too. Chances are even less likely that some navy seals kinda guys will steal you data with brute force. Also always keep explosives next to your hdds so once they do come you can explode them.
Realistically no one is cracking my super long randomized password either. Seems fine to leave it on as backup login.
If you disable password authentication, and use public key authentication, yes.
disabling password login and use pubkey authentication will be safe enough?
Just make sure you actually disable password login. Simply enabling key doesn't disable password. So as long as the password is disabled then you're fine.
Better use some kind of VPN and only open the SSH port over the VPN interface.
Get fail2ban setup at a minimum
No. Just VPN in and SSH in.
How is a VPN service more secure than an SSH service?
Both accept login.
Both provide can be brute forced / if using password.
Generally speaking. VPN is easier to setup securely out of the box for most especially with limited knowledge. You can choose a random port and then have access to any server on your network. Scanners won’t usually test all ports unless they find something that’s tempting.
Normally just the normal ports will be poked including 22. SSH can be secured well but not without jumping through a few hoops. It’s easier imho to accidentally allow access through incorrect ssh setup than vpn.
When you think vpn has been developed with this exact purpose in mind. It’s fair to assume the protection will be better out of the box. If you have a vpn then a hacker needs to get through the vpn and then also the ssh so there’s not really any disadvantage to using a vpn and then also harden ssh if you want to.
It’s about making things difficult. Nobody is going to spend days or weeks battering a vpn if they don’t think there’s anything useful behind it. A VPN also shows somewhat that you’ve given things consideration and are not an easy target.
Don’t get me wrong. If somebody is determined enough and has the resources then they will find a way but given the choice between an easy target and one that’s ever so slightly more difficult, they will almost always go for the easiest.
VPN is easier to setup securely out of the box for most especially with limited knowledge.
One of the top audit companies disagrees with you: https://blog.trailofbits.com/2016/12/12/meet-algo-the-vpn-that-works/
With PubKey and Fail2Ban its probably ok but wouldnt chance it personally. Can you use a different port too?
A VPN will always be better for this purpose, but as long as you properly secure your SSH server, shouldn't be a problem
Port forwarding will work, but it has major downsides
There are far better and safer alternatives that I would recommend over exposing a raw port to the world.
I would also add twingate as an alternative.
I would risk it. After all, it's the only thing protecting my entire gitlab account. If someone could break my ssh, they could do what they want to my gitlab presence,and I'm guessing someone at gitlab is paid and qualified to make that call.
Rather than port forward 22, I would recommend using the ipv6 address and securing the host.
ipv6 is great, if not for the fact that many ISPs around the world still haven't bothered rolling it out decades later, making it inaccessible for many.
Yes, but you should change the port
In a word no. That’s not a port you want others sniffing around. Some isps actively block that port for security. IMHO a vpn is the best way. That way you get full access to your network as if you’re using a wired direct connection. You “can” use port 22 and you can make it pretty secure but I just wouldn’t feel safe directly exposing it when there are other ways. Imagine the access somebody could get if you do something slightly wrong or you miss a patch for a new vulnerability. Yep it’s unlikely but why risk it. Put it behind something on a none standard port rather than a port that every sniffer will poke at :)
Set up free Tailscale and access your server that way.
In my case, password auth disabled, changed port, fail2ban, and not exposing the port, I connect through vpn and then ssh, but in the end it's still an open port for the vpn
Yes, it's perfectly safe. Keep it patched, use strong ciphers, use key authentication, and set up an IDS like Fail2Ban or CrowdSec.
A tremendous amount of cargo culting going on here.
As long as your server is aggressively kept up to date and doesn't have any guessable passwords, exposing port 22 can be done safely. If you're not certain about these, you shouldn't. OpenSSH is exposed to the open internet on millions of servers, it's meant to do this.
Fail2ban or changing your ssh port provides no additional security and only serves to reduce log noise at the risk of blocking actual users.
A VPN makes no practical difference. ssh uses strong encryption just like the VPN. Sure you're hiding ssh, but the VPN provides a similar attack surface.
If you're not certain about these, you shouldn't.
If someone is asking random assholes on the internet if they should do something, I'm guessing the answer to this is no.
I wouldn't open up 22 to the world. I would change the port at a minimum or use a VPN.
Using an alternate port will drastically cut down on the number of people trying to brute force your server
Depending on how you will be connecting depends on how you should configure this. I would strongly suggest just setting up a Wireguard server and connect to it via VPN. At the same time, exposing the port and using a pubkey with Fail2Ban would be the next best option, while always keeping your server patched with port forwarding a different port to the stand SSH port internally.
These are the simplest ways to do this and still be secure. Again, I strongly suggest setting up a private VPN of your choosing.
WireGuard Installs - https://www.wireguard.com/install/
WireGuard Docker - https://github.com/wg-easy/wg-easy